-
1 ordinary occupation
Общая лексика: привычное занятие -
2 (an) ordinary occupation
English-Russian combinatory dictionary > (an) ordinary occupation
-
3 ordinary
['ɔːd(ə)nrɪ]adj1) обычный, обыкновенный, простойIt is his ordinary way of talking. — Это его обычная манера разговаривать.
His ordinary lunch consisted of a sandwich and cup of tea. — Его обычный завтрак состоял из бутерброда и чашки чая.
- ordinary day- ordinary school
- ordinary occupation
- ordinary food
- ordinary procedure
- ordinary thing
- ordinary train
- ordinary occupation
- ordinary work
- ordinary words
- more than ordinary
- in an ordunary situation
- in ordinary life2) средний, рядовой, заурядныйHe is no ordinary man. — Он необыкновенный/незаурядный человек.
He is not just an ordinary actor. — Он незаурядный актер.
He is an ordinary kind of person. — Он ничем не примечательная личность.
The speaker was ordinary and tiresome. — Он был заурядным, утомительным оратором
- ordinary country doctor- very ordinary clothes
- very ordinary shoes
- ordinary pencils
- ordinary Russian
- ordinary abilities
- ordinary kind of person
- book for the ordinary reader
- above ordinary abilities -
4 ordinary
1. n дежурное блюдо2. n обычность, обыкновенность3. n юр. постоянный член суда4. n юр. амер. судья по наследственным делам5. n юр. шотл. один из пяти судей в Верховном гражданском суде6. n юр. архиепископ, исполняющий судебную обязанность7. n юр. церк. служебник8. n юр. ист. священник, подготавливающий приговорённых к смерти9. n юр. геральд. простейшая фигура на гербе10. n юр. старинный велосипед с большим передним колесом11. a обычный, обыкновенный; ординарный; повседневныйmore than ordinary, greater than ordinary — исключительный, необычный
in the ordinary way — при обычных обстоятельствах; в привычной ситуации
12. a простой, несложный13. a тех. простой, одинарный; одиночный14. a заурядный, посредственный; банальныйСинонимический ряд:1. average (adj.) average; garden-variety; run-of-the-mill; stock; unexceptional2. common (adj.) average; banal; base; baseborn; common; conventional; humble; ignoble; indifferent; inferior; lowly; mean; mediocre; prosaic; second-rate; uneventful; unexceptional; unnoteworthy; unwashed; vulgar3. customary (adj.) accustomed; customary; habitual; mundane; popular; traditional4. everyday (adj.) everyday; plain Jane; quotidian; routine; unremarkable; workaday5. general (adj.) general; normal; typical; usual6. plain (adj.) commonplace; homely; plain7. regular (adj.) familiar; frequent; regular; widespreadАнтонимический ряд:beautiful; bizarre; curious; eccentric; egregious; exceptional; exclusive; extraordinary; irregular; odd; peculiar; rare; strange; superior; unusual -
5 ordinary
1. [ʹɔ:d(ə)nrı] n1. 1) дежурное блюдо2) кафе, столовая и т. п., где подают дежурные блюда2. 1) обычность, обыкновенность2) что-л. обычное или привычное, нормальноеby ordinary - обычно; обыкновенным /обычным/ путём
out of the ordinary - необычный, из ряда вон выходящий
3. юр.1) постоянный член суда2) амер. судья по наследственным делам3) (Ordinary) шотл. один из пяти судей в Верховном гражданском суде (тж. Lord Ordinary)4. архиепископ, исполняющий судебную обязанность5. церк. служебник6. ист. священник, подготавливающий приговорённых к смерти ( в Ньюгейтской тюрьме)7. геральд. простейшая фигура на гербе (полоса, крест и т. п.)8. старинный велосипед с большим передним колесом2. [ʹɔ:d(ə)nrı] a♢
in ordinary - а) на ординарной /штатной/ службе; Surgeon in Ordinary to the King - лейб-медик; professor in ordinary - ординарный профессор; б) мор. на приколе ( о кораблях)1. 1) обычный, обыкновенный; ординарный; повседневныйordinary occupation [walk] - привычное занятие [-ая прогулка]
ordinary dress uniform - воен. повседневная форма одежды
ordinary call - обыкновенный (не срочный, частный и т. п.) телефонный разговор /вызов/
ordinary stocks /shares/ - фин. обычные /обыкновенные/ акции
more than ordinary, диал. greater than ordinary - исключительный, необычный
in the ordinary way /course of events/ - при обычных обстоятельствах; в привычной ситуации
in an ordinary way I should refuse - при обычных обстоятельствах я бы отказался
out of the ordinary way - в необычных условиях; в непривычной ситуации
2) простой, несложный3) тех. простой, одинарный; одиночный2. заурядный, посредственный; банальный♢
ordinary ground - воен. среднепересечённая местностьordinary table - ист. а) общий стол за твёрдую плату ( в таверне); б) игорный дом; стол для игры в карты
-
6 occupation
1. n занятие; род или вид деятельности, занятийhis occupation is farming — он занимается сельским хозяйством, он работает в сельском хозяйстве
2. n профессияtertiary occupation — сфера услуг, обслуживающие профессии
3. n пребывание в должности, на посту4. n занятие, дело; времяпрепровождение5. n занятостьmen out of occupation — незанятые, безработные
6. n владение, пользование; период пользования; арендаopen occupation — открытая оккупация, открытое завладение
7. n завладение, занятие8. n оккупация9. n физ. заполненность, степень заполнения, занятостьСинонимический ряд:1. control (noun) control; foreign rule; holding; ownership; possession; subjugation; tenancy; tenure; title; use2. habitation (noun) habitation; inhabitancy; inhabitation; occupancy; residence; settlement3. invasion (noun) attack; capture; entering; invasion; seizure4. vocation (noun) affair; business; calling; career; chosen work; craft; employment; job; line; practice; profession; pursuit; trade; vocation; workАнтонимический ряд:idleness; leisure; liberation; resignation; unemployment; vacancy; vacation -
7 occupation
-
8 occupation
занятие; профессиональная деятельность; заполненность -
9 ordinary
ˈɔ:dnrɪ
1. прил.
1) а) обычный, обыкновенный;
ординарный;
простой;
повседневный, монотонный in an ordinary way ≈ при обычных обстоятельствах ordinary call ≈ частный разговор (по телефону) Syn: customary, usual, routine
2. б) юр. осуществляемый в обычном порядке
2) а) заурядный, банальный, посредственный His books are very mean and ordinary. ≈ Его книги (сочинения) довольно посредственны. Syn: mediocre б) низкий, скверный, плохой Syn: poor
1., inferior
2.
2. сущ.
1) дежурное блюдо
2) а) столовая, где подают дежурные блюда б) уст., брит. таверна с общим столом за твердую плату In one of the narrow streets leading towards Cheapside she noticed a small inn or ordinary. (J. Hawthorne) ≈ На одной из узких улочек, ведущих к Чипсайду, она заметила не то небольшую гостиницу, не то небольшую таверну. в) амер. постоялый двор ∙ Syn: tavern, inn
3) что-л. привычное, обычное а) нормальное, обычное состояние здоровья б) редк. простак, посредственность (о человеке ∙ in ordinary ≈ постоянный out of the ordinary ≈ необычный
4) церк. а) ординарий (песнопения, обязательные в любом богослужении;
музыкальные "мессы" являются положением на музыку ординария) б) требник в) устав церковной службы
5) в общем праве а) юр. постоянный член суда б) церк. священник, исполняющий обязанность судьи
6) в гражданском праве а) амер. судья по делам о наследстве (в некоторых штатах) б) шотл. судья сессионного суда, ординарий в) брит. заключенный обычного класса
7) фин. обычная акция ∙ Surgeon in Ordinary to the King ≈ лейб-медик professor in ordinary ≈ ординарный профессор дежурное блюдо кафе, столовая, где подают дежурные блюда обычность, обыкновенность;
- ability above the * способности выше среднего что-л обычное или привычное, нормальное;
- by * обычно;
обыкновенным путем;
- out of the * необычный, из ряда вон выходящий (юридическое) постоянный член суда (американизм) судья по наследственным делам (шотландское) один из пяти судей в Верховном гражданском суде архиепископ, исполняющий судебную обязанность ( церковное) служебник( историческое) священник, подготавливающий приговоренных к смерти (геральдика) простейшая фигура на гербе старинный велосипед с большим передним колесом > in * на ординарной службе;
(морское) на приколе( о корабле) > Surgeon in O. the King лейб-медик > professor in * ординарный профессор обычный, обыкновенный;
ординарный;
повседневный;
- * life обычная жизнь;
- one's * habits повседневные привычки;
- * occupation привычное занятие;
- * dinner hours обычные обеденные часы;
- * dress uniform( военное) повседневная форма одежды;
- * call обыкновенный телефонный разговор;
- * stocks( финансовое) обычные акции;
- more than *, (диалектизм) greater than * исключительный, необычный;
- in * use при нормальном использовании;
- in the * way при обычных обстоятельствах;
в привычной ситуации;
- in an * way I should refuse при обычных обстоятельствах я бы отказался;
- we put in an * day's work в этот день мы работали как обычно;
- out of the * way в необычных условиях;
в непривычной ситуации простой, несложный;
- * work простая работа (техническое) простой, одинарный;
одиночный;
- * link одинарная связь заурядный, посредственный;
банальный;
- * man заурядный человек;
- * abilities средние спосоности;
- the words seemed stale and * слова казались пошлыми и избитыми > * ground (военное) среднепересеченная местность;
> * table( историческое) общий стол за твердую плату (в таверне) ;
игорный дом;
стол для игры в карты ~ обычный, обыкновенный;
ординарный;
простой;
in an ordinary way при обычных обстоятельствах;
ordinary people простые люди ~ (что-л.) привычное, обычное;
in ordinary постоянный;
out of the ordinary необычный ordinary дежурное блюдо ~ заключенный "обычного" класса (среднего между классом "звезда" и классом заключенных, находящихся на режиме исправительного обучения) ~ заурядный, посредственный ~ несложный ~ обыкновенный ~ обычный, обыкновенный;
ординарный;
простой;
in an ordinary way при обычных обстоятельствах;
ordinary people простые люди ~ обычный, нормальный ~ обычный ~ одиночный ~ ординарный ~ юр. постоянный член суда;
амер. судья по делам о наследстве (в некоторых штатах) ~ постоянный член суда ~ (что-л.) привычное, обычное;
in ordinary постоянный;
out of the ordinary необычный ~ простой ~ церк. священник, исполняющий обязанность судьи ~ столовая, где подают дежурные блюда ~ судья ординарий (один из пяти судей сессионного суда в Шотландии) ~ судья по наследственным делам ~ уст. таверна с общим столом за твердую плату;
Surgeon in Ordinary to the King лейб-медик ~ церк. требник;
устав церковной службы ~ seaman матрос 2-го класса;
ordinary call частный разговор( по телефону) ~ обычный, обыкновенный;
ординарный;
простой;
in an ordinary way при обычных обстоятельствах;
ordinary people простые люди ~ seaman матрос 2-го класса;
ordinary call частный разговор (по телефону) ~ (что-л.) привычное, обычное;
in ordinary постоянный;
out of the ordinary необычный professor in ~ ординарный профессор ~ уст. таверна с общим столом за твердую плату;
Surgeon in Ordinary to the King лейб-медикБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > ordinary
-
10 gainful occupation
оплачиваемая работа; занятие приносящее доход -
11 unhealthy occupation
-
12 criminal
1) злочинець, кримінальний злочинець; суб'єкт злочину; особа, винна у вчиненні злочину, особа, визнана злочинцем за судом; особа, засуджена за вчинення злочину; кримінальна поліція2) злочинний; кримінальний, карний•criminal investigation department — управління (відділ) карного розшуку, відділ кримінальних розслідувань, кримінальний розшук ( установа)
criminal investigation technique — = criminal investigation techniques криміналістика
- criminal abortioncriminal investigation techniques — = criminal investigation technique
- criminal abortion act
- criminal abortion law
- criminal abortionist
- criminal abuse of authority
- criminal act
- criminal act on trial
- criminal action
- criminal activities
- criminal activity
- criminal agency
- criminal aggression
- criminal amnesty
- criminal anarchy
- criminal anthropology
- criminal appeal
- criminal area of activity
- criminal arrest
- criminal assault
- criminal association
- criminal at large
- criminal attack
- criminal attempt
- criminal attorney
- criminal bail
- criminal bar
- criminal bargain
- criminal behavior
- criminal behaviuor
- criminal biology
- criminal boss
- criminal breach of trust
- criminal business
- criminal capacity
- criminal career
- criminal cartel
- criminal case
- criminal case study
- criminal casework
- criminal channel
- criminal character
- criminal charge
- criminal charges
- criminal circles
- criminal clerk
- criminal code
- criminal commercial structure
- criminal commitment
- criminal-commitment
- criminal-commitment procedure
- criminal community
- criminal complaint
- criminal complicity
- criminal conduct
- criminal confederation
- criminal connection
- criminal connexion
- criminal conspiracy
- criminal conspirator
- criminal contempt
- criminal conversation
- criminal conviction
- criminal court
- criminal damage
- criminal dealings
- criminal deed
- criminal defence
- criminal defense
- criminal defendant
- criminal design
- criminal detection
- criminal deterrence
- criminal disposition
- criminal district court
- criminal docket
- criminal drug addict
- criminal effort
- criminal element
- criminal elements
- criminal encroachment
- criminal end
- criminal endeavor
- criminal endeavour
- criminal enforcement agency
- criminal enterprise
- criminal environment
- criminal episode
- criminal ethnography
- criminal event
- criminal evidence
- criminal experience
- criminal explosion
- criminal extradition
- criminal field
- criminal file
- criminal fine
- criminal flippancy
- criminal forfeiture
- criminal formation
- criminal fraud
- criminal fugitive
- criminal gang
- criminal geography
- criminal goal
- criminal group
- criminal grouping
- criminal guilt
- criminal habitual drunkard
- criminal history
- criminal homicide
- criminal identification
- criminal identity
- criminal impulse
- criminal in flight
- criminal inaction
- criminal incapacitation
- criminal incident
- criminal industry
- criminal information
- criminal informer
- criminal infraction
- criminal injury
- criminal insanity
- criminal instrument
- criminal intelligence
- criminal intent
- criminal interrogator
- criminal interview
- criminal intrusion
- criminal intrusion
- criminal investigation
- criminal investigative force
- criminal investigator
- criminal involvement
- criminal judge
- criminal jurisdiction
- criminal justice
- criminal justice agency
- criminal justice official
- criminal justice policy
- criminal justice practice
- criminal justice practices
- criminal justice process
- criminal justice system
- criminal label
- criminal law
- criminal law systems
- criminal lawyer
- criminal legislation
- criminal liability
- criminal libel
- criminal lunatic
- criminal machinations
- criminal manufacture
- criminal matter
- criminal matters
- criminal means
- criminal mind
- criminal misbehavior
- criminal misbehaviour
- criminal mischief
- criminal misconduct
- criminal mob
- criminal monopoly
- criminal motive
- criminal nature
- criminal negligence
- criminal obscenity
- criminal occupation
- criminal of ordinary birth
- criminal of war
- criminal offence
- criminal offense
- criminal offence victim
- criminal offense victim
- criminal offender
- criminal office
- criminal omission
- criminal operation
- criminal organization
- criminal participant
- criminal participation
- criminal participator
- criminal pathology
- criminal pattern
- criminal penalty
- criminal personality
- criminal phenomenology
- criminal physics
- criminal physiognomy
- criminal picketing
- criminal plan
- criminal policy
- criminal population
- criminal practice
- criminal presumption
- criminal prisoner
- criminal procedure
- criminal proceeding
- criminal proceedings
- criminal process
- criminal proclivities
- criminal promoter
- criminal propensities
- criminal propensity
- criminal prosecution
- criminal psychiatry
- criminal psychology
- criminal punishment
- criminal punishment system
- criminal purpose
- criminal pursuits
- criminal record
- criminal records
- criminal records office
- criminal regime
- criminal registration
- criminal relief
- criminal remedy
- criminal resistance
- criminal responsibility
- criminal sanction
- criminal science
- criminal sector of economy
- criminal sentence
- criminal sentencing
- criminal side
- criminal society
- criminal sociology
- criminal solicitation
- criminal sophistication
- criminal specialist
- criminal standards
- criminal statistics
- criminal stigma
- criminal structure
- criminal suit
- criminal summons
- criminal suspect
- criminal syndicate
- criminal system
- criminal tendency
- criminal terror
- criminal terrorism
- criminal transaction
- criminal treatment
- criminal trespass
- criminal trial
- criminal twist
- criminal under applicable law
- criminal use
- criminal use of guns
- criminal violation
- criminal violence
- criminal world
- criminal youth
- criminal's counsel
- criminal's description -
13 priority
приоритет; порядок [степень] очередности; категория срочности; последовательность; преимущество; срочность; старшинствоforce priority (of riot control) — этапы последовательного применения силы (при полицейских операциях по подавлению массовых выступлений)
-
14 humble
1. a скромный, застенчивый, робкий; почтительный2. a смиренный, покорный3. a раболепный, лишённый чувства собственного достоинства4. a простой, бедный, скромный; незаметный5. a бот. низкорастущий; низкорослый6. v смирять, унижать; принижатьto humble oneself — унижаться, уничижаться, заискивать
7. v посрамлятьСинонимический ряд:1. common (adj.) base; baseborn; common; ignoble; low; lowborn; lowly; mean; meek; mild; modest; ordinary; plain; plebeian; poor; simple; small; unassuming; undistinguished; unennobled; unpretentious; unwashed; vulgar2. obsequious (adj.) obsequious; servile; submissive3. polite (adj.) courteous; courtly; polite; respectful4. meek (noun) demure; meek; peaceable; quiet; reserved; shy; timid; unassuming; unobtrusive5. degrade (verb) abase; abash; bemean; cast down; debase; degrade; demean; disgrace; humiliate; lower; mortify; reduce; shame; sink; subdueАнтонимический ряд:arrogant; assuming; blustering; boastful; censorious; conceited; defiant; discourteous; domineering; egotistical; elevate; eminent; fancy; haughty; high; immodest; praise -
15 out
1. n парл. разг. оппозиция2. n спорт. аут3. n спорт. команда, которая в данный момент не отбивает4. n спорт. что-то неправильное; то, что не в порядке; недостаток5. n спорт. амер. разг. отговорка, оправдание, предлог, причинаease out — выживать; спровадить под благовидным предлогом
6. n спорт. амер. разг. выход; решение7. n полигр. пропуск; то, что пропущеноwe found out that he was gone — мы узнали, что он уехал
8. n полигр. пропущенное слово9. n полигр. диал. экскурсия, прогулкаto go out for a walk — выйти на прогулку, пойти погулять
10. a внешний; наружный11. a крайний, отдалённый12. a необычного размера, большойout of the ordinary — необычный, особенный
13. a незанятый, свободныйfree out — свободно от выгрузки; свободная выгрузка
14. a потерявший; освобождённый, уволенныйJack out of office — потерявший работу, безработный
15. a неизбранный, непереизбранныйout party — партия, потерпевшая поражение на выборах
16. a выключенный; потушенныйkeied out — выключил; выключенный
thrown out — выключал; выключенный
switched out — выключил; выключенный
thrown out of action — выключал; выключенный
17. a отсутствующий; имеющийся в недостаточном количествеout of the wood — вне опасности; оставив трудности позади
out of distance — очень далеко, вне пределов досягаемости
18. a вышедший из моды, из употребленияall out — от всей души; изо всех сил
19. a потерпевший убыток20. a спорт. находящийся вне игрыeat out — питаться, столоваться вне дома
21. a действующий или происходящий в другом месте22. a рваный, продранный23. a в обмороке; в бесчувственном состоянии24. a тех. потерявший точность, смещённый; вышедший из строяknocked out of action — вывел из строя; выведенный из строя
forced out of action — вывел из строя; выведенный из строя
to put out of action — вывести из строя; подбить
25. v выгнать, выставить, изгнатьcast out — выгнать, выбросить; заставить уйти
sling out — выгнать, вышвырнуть; прогнать
26. v гасить, тушить27. v спорт. разг. нокаутировать28. v спорт. сл. уложить на месте, убить29. v спорт. вывести из игры, удалить с поляflesh out — набирать вес, полнеть
30. v спорт. разг. выходить, отправляться на прогулку, пикник, экскурсию31. v спорт. разг. рассказать, высказать; разболтатьto snap out — сказать сердито, грубо
hear out — выслушать; дать высказаться
whip out — сказать резко и неожиданно; выкрикнуть
32. v спорт. раскрыться, обнаружиться, всплытьduck out — скрыться, улизнуть
33. prep амер. из; за34. prep амер. разг. вдоль, поshrink out — декатировать; усаживать под утюгом
35. int спорт. аут!Синонимический ряд:1. escape (noun) escape; excuse; explanation; means of escape; way out2. showing (noun) show; showing3. eject (verb) boot out; chase; chuck; dismiss; eject; evict; extrude; kick out; throw out4. extinguish (verb) douse; extinguish; put out; quench5. get out (verb) break; come out; get out; leak; transpire6. absent (other) absent; at lunch; busy; gone; left; not in; on vacation7. away (other) away; back; far-off; off8. away from (other) away from; from; from within; out from; out of; out toward9. disqualified (other) disqualified; down; fanned; in the field; put out; retired; struck out10. distant (other) beyond; distant; removed; removed from11. lacking (other) lacking; missing; wanting12. outside (other) exposed; external; extraneous; extrinsic; open; out of doors; outdoors; outer; out-of-doors; outside; unconcealed; withoutdoors13. outward (other) outward; outwards; without14. to completion (other) accomplished; completely; ended; finished; fulfilled; over; to completion; totally15. unconscious (other) comatose; insensate; insensible; out cold; senseless; unconscious -
16 Knowledge
It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)"Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge
См. также в других словарях:
ordinary occupation — See ordinary calling … Ballentine's law dictionary
Occupation of Poland (1939–1945) — Occupation of Poland redirects here. For other uses, see Occupation of Poland (disambiguation). For general history of Poland during that period, see History of Poland (1939–1945). Fourth Partition of Poland aftermath of the The Nazi Soviet Pact; … Wikipedia
Ordinary Seaman (disambiguation) — Ordinary Seaman may refer to: *A civilian occupation: Ordinary Seaman (occupation), or *A military rank: Ordinary Seaman (rank) … Wikipedia
Occupation — Oc cu*pa tion, n. [L. occupatio: cf. F. occupation.] 1. The act or process of occupying or taking possession; actual possession and control; the state of being occupied; a holding or keeping; tenure; use; as, the occupation of lands by a tenant.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Occupation bridge — Occupation Oc cu*pa tion, n. [L. occupatio: cf. F. occupation.] 1. The act or process of occupying or taking possession; actual possession and control; the state of being occupied; a holding or keeping; tenure; use; as, the occupation of lands by … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Ordinary seaman — This article is about a civilian occupation. For a military rank, see ordinary seaman (rating). Ordinary seaman Ordinary seamen swabbing the deck. General Department&# … Wikipedia
Ordinary Seaman (occupation) — NOTOC Infobox shipping job name = Ordinary Seaman othernames = photo = Ordinary seamen swabbing deck.jpg photo department = Deck department licensed = reports to = Boatswain, Chief Mate, Mate on watch epoch = location = duties = Cleaning,… … Wikipedia
Occupation of the Jordan Valley (1918) — Australian Imperial Force (AIF) Canteen in the Jordan Valley The British Empire s occupation of the Jordan Valley occurred during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I, beginning after the Capture of Jericho in February when the… … Wikipedia
Occupation of Iraq timeline — Timeline of events during Multinational force s occupation of Iraq, following 2003 invasion of Iraq, and relevant quotations about nature of occupation from officials. See also : 2003 Iraq war timeline, 2003 in Iraq, 2004 in Iraq, 2005 in Iraq,… … Wikipedia
Ordinary seaman — Seaman Sea man, n.; pl. {Seamen}. [AS. s[ae]man.] One whose occupation is to assist in the management of ships at sea; a mariner; a sailor; applied both to officers and common mariners, but especially to the latter. Opposed to {landman}, or… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Able Seaman (occupation) — Infobox shipping job name = Able seaman othernames = Able bodied seaman photo = Scross helmsman.jpg photo helmsmen, relying on visual references, compasses, and a rudder angle indicator to steer a steady course as directed by the mate or other… … Wikipedia
